Reading Part 4 - Matching Paragraphs to Headings

The ‘Cinderella’ Gas - Answers

The answers are given below. The 'distracter' was: E. No hope for the future. None of the paragraphs indicate that there is no hope, despite a lot of warnings and description of potential scenarios if no action is taken, so this heading is not appropriate.

1. B. A double danger

The United Nations Environment Programme (Unep) has issued a warning about the dangers posed by nitrous oxide, the so-called "laughing gas". In a report presented at global climate talks, Unep says the chemical is now the biggest threat to the ozone layer. It says that thanks to farming and human activities, levels of the gas could double by 2050. If this happens, it could reverse gains made to slow the thinning of the ozone layer and exacerbate global warming.

2. G. Uses and abuses

Nitrous oxide is one of several greenhouse agents which are dubbed "Cinderella' gases, because their contribution passes unnoticed. N2O exists naturally in the atmosphere but agriculture is by far the biggest human source, producing two-thirds of emissions. It is also used in dentistry and surgery as an anaesthetic and a painkiller. It is sometimes used as a recreational drug, called "nozz", and its abuse has been linked to permanent neurological damage and deaths.

3. A.  A past problem? 

Now, researchers say that it has emerged as the single biggest threat to the ozone layer since chlorofluorocarbons and other damaging gases were restricted by the Montreal Protocol signed in 1987. The famous "hole" over Antarctica has started to recover as a result of the phasing out of the hair sprays and refrigerants that contained these substances.

4. H.  A step in the wrong direction

But according to this new report, if no action is taken, levels of nitrous oxide could increase by 83% from 2005 to 2050. "The continued build-up of N2O in the atmosphere will continue to deplete the stratospheric ozone layer and in so doing will to a degree undermine the achievements of the Montreal Protocol," says the document.

 5. F.  Another negative effect  

Unep's executive director, Achim Steiner, warned that as well as posing a threat to the ozone layer, nitrous oxide has a powerful global warming effect. "It's one of those elements in our modern life that we have not fully understood in terms of its negative impacts. "If we can bring it to the attention of farmers, government and industry, the importance of managing nitrous oxide more efficiently, and the climate benefits - it is a no-regret option," he said. The research underlines the fact that nitrous oxide is the world's third most powerful gas when it comes to global warming potential.

6. D.  Expert opinion     

Dr Joseph Alcamo is Unep's chief scientist. He told a news conference here in Warsaw that the gas could not be ignored any longer. "Nitrous oxide makes up only 6% of the greenhouse gases but in terms of CO2, it is the equivalent to emitting three [billion tonnes] a year. "This is about 50% of the total amount of emissions from every vehicle in the world."

7. It's not too late

However, the researchers were optimistic that both the warming potential and the danger to the ozone layer could be swiftly curtailed if action was taken, particularly in agriculture. "In the agricultural sector, it comes down to using nitrogen fertiliser more efficiently, a very simple idea, to improve the uptake by crops and livestock," said Dr Alcamo."It has a lot to do with using the right fertiliser, in the right place."

Taken from BBC website: http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-25037861 (accessed 22/11/2013)